Factors that Inform Reward Decisions

Elements that Inform Reward Decisions Survey the setting of the prize condition and the key viewpoints that illuminate reward choices. In this segment, you should: Utilize a proper investigation device to recognize the interior and outside components. Break down the effect of business drivers and related factors on remuneration choices. Give instances of various methods of social occasion and introducing reward knowledge. An Introduction to the Company of B W Plant Hire and Sales Ltd B W Plant Hire and Sales Ltd was established in 1994 by Bill Whitwell; Bill has more than 40 years involvement with the plant recruit industry. His child Will, who is additionally from a plant employ foundation, went along with him in the business in 1998. The organization has developed consistently from that point forward by providing customers with an assistance they accept can't be beaten. B W highly esteem being promptly accessible for counsel and help when issues emerge nearby. Bill and Will presently have set up a supervisory group and workforce that reflects their qualities, yet at the same time lead from the cutting edge. B W are a plant enlist organization which recruits plant (Excavators, Dumpers, Rollers, digging) B W have 4 warehouses the nation over Blackburn is head office where everything began, in 2004 B W began Bingley Depot now Keighley Depot, in 2006 B W began Southampton Depot, at that point in 2012 they purchased Northwich Depot B W have been exchanging more than 20 years in which time the organization has developed and scaled down due to the downturn in 2008 now they are developing once more. From an individual point I, have been with the organization since Jan 2002 when there were on 6 workers they presently have 73 representatives and 30 subcontractors. Turnover is developing year on year. The reason and objectives of the Company is to make Profit and gotten one of the biggest exclusive (Ltd) plant enlist organizations in the Northwest of England. The Company offers the administration of Plant employ self-drive and worked plant alongside deals of plant. The Company's fundamental clients are Civil Engineers, house manufacturers, committees and general developers. Outside and Internal Environmental AnalysisThis natural examination will give a total outer ecological picture intended to give B W the devices expected to distinguish the Company's quality and shortcomings. This is including an evaluation of the organization assets. This investigation will survey the organization's serious position and potential outcomes of development. A clarification of how the outer condition influences B W structure and friends execution. A PESTLE examination is a structure used to screen the outside advertising condition of which gives a review of the fundamental outer factors at present affecting the Company PESTLE see reference sections 1 Auto enrolment the organization 's arranging date was first January 2016. It is an obligatory prerequisite of all organizations to consequently select workers who are qualified by 2018 This is a sparing plan for when representative's resign and has charge alleviation. Managers should either have one of their own (partner annuity) or a legislature back one or have an expert benefits supplier. We have an administration upheld benefits plot called The Pension People (Thepensionsregulator.gov.uk. (2016). Partner annuities |) This became law in October 2012 by 2018 every single utilized individuals ought to be in a work environment benefits. This happened as individuals are living longer than the 3 score years and ten (70). the retirement age will go up between December 2018 and October 2020, the retirement age for the two people will ascend to 66. From 2018 to 2020 the state benefits age for the two people will begin ascending to 67. The legislatures pot of National protection has been drained so when the more youthful age come to resign there will be no monies left in the pot (Social). The administration chose to drive individuals into putting something aside for retirement by making it law for organizations to obligatory join an auto enrolment plot where by worker's put 1% of their yearly acquiring with charge alleviation and the organization pays 1% in the end becoming excessively least of 5% (political social and legitimate). The effect on the organization and effect on remuneration system is Bonuses and pay rises have been affected by the organization, by not expanding compensation the 1% the organization must compensation into the benefits conspire is a compensation ascend to the representative. This thus additionally impacts organization development as the business must discover this from some place for example benefits (Economic) it is additionally observed by most organizations as another duty however advantageous to the worker. Kiddie vouchers (Social and monetary) We as an organization have a youthful workforce at present, to help keep them we have presented kiddie vouchers. This is an advantage that lets guardians make considerable investment funds against the expense of their childcare. This works by Parents can get up to  £55pw or  £243pm of childcare vouchers from their manager, liberated from assessment and National Insurance. Contrasted with accepting income as pay or profits, utilizing childcare vouchers can spare guardians many pounds every year. Trading available compensation for tax-exempt childcare vouchers commonly spares essential rate citizens up to  £933 per year. Simultaneously, this basic trade spares businesses up to  £402 per year per plot part in manager National Insurance commitments. The effect on the organization and the system the organization has lower PAYE to pay to the HMRC this likewise helps the representative as they are not burdened so a lot. The expense of setting up this is 2% so the organization and the representative win. The worker considers this to be an additional prize ideally it will assist with staying with them utilized with the. The business SWOT see supplements 2 Statement of purpose this connections in with how the organization is driven and reward Statement of purpose The point of B W is to offer an assistance which goes past the desires for their clients through the excellent help of the staff likewise who are profoundly prepared, roused, prepared and capable. B W bolster their clients with whatever the application, with showcase driving items and information. The extensive armada of current apparatus they give is consistent forward-thinking enactment and guidelines. Vision B W are focused on consistently improving and mean to give their clients a solid help. B W's point is to consistently fulfill the request and become the clients just recruit/deals provider of value Qualities The work practices and strategies are embraced and overseen securely and cost successfully. B W are looking to be a magnificent manager, specialist organization, and client. The executives perceive that B W's staff are one of the most significant resources for the organization. To that end the organization tries to remunerate staff who perform well and end up being a decent advert for the organization. B W anticipate the best thus should B W's clients and customers. The estimations of the organization demonstrate the preparation and advancement for all representatives, the workers are the most significant resource for the organization, this can be an inspiration to the representatives (the organization is just comparable to its staff) The prizes are a reward paid half yearly to the senior supervisory crew this is in the event that the net benefit is over 10% of turnover, at that point 1% of the net benefit is isolated by 5 (a generous measure of cash). B W pay over the national the lowest pay permitted by law. The representatives depend on understanding and the worth they bring to the organization if the organization utilize a fitter the normal pay is  £12.00 every hour, B W start them on  £10.00 with 3 months probation after which time their compensation will expand (they have to demonstrate their value) this is the equivalent for HGV drivers however an alternate rate. The organization likewise have a station in Southampton the workers in the south are paid 2% more than in the north as the way of life is more in the south. The driver of the business is development while B W are offering for worked plant they likewise need gifted plant drivers that hold a CSCS card (Construction Skills Certification Scheme) (lawful commitment) this gives verification that the card holder has had preparing and is able to do the work expected. this might be a huge expense to the organization CSCS card holders must finish preparing at regular intervals. This is a prize to the worker the card has a place with the representative and can take it with them on the off chance that they leave. The interest for plant is high now - the organization are contributing vigorously the most recent new pack/plant to advance development. B W will procced along these lines until there is a downturn in the economy. There is a solid rivalry around now. B W offer clients the most recent pack/plant alongside serious expenses and great client support, so they can design their work. Speculations for remuneration the board see indeces 3 Monetary hypothesis, this considers wage rates that are controlled by the flexibly of work and the interest of this work from managers, if there is a brevity of work, there is an expansion in compensation for that division A lack of aptitudes is a wellspring of disturbance to organizations and, when intense, it is probably going to frustrate the quality and amount of their yield. Organizations can be acquainted with being constrained by their ability to discover purchasers for their items, not by their ability to deliver items. At the point when organizations have, purchasers pausing, however can't create enough to fulfill the interest since they can't enlist adequate gifted laborers, they decipher this as a disappointment of the abilities advancement framework. Ability deficiencies, the reason can be a general under-interest in aptitudes improvement; quick basic changes to be joined with low degrees of by and large joblessness; a repetitive flood in work in a piece of the economy; and spots of shortcoming in the preparation framework. Managers could find that they can't pull in the laborers they need in light of the fact that the compensation and working conditions on offer are ugly. The flexibly of laborers with an expertise is hard to gauge for a few of the accompanying reasons. What is significant isn't only the num

Discuss the controversies that have occurred around the issue of race Essay

Talk about the debates that have happened around the issue of race and knowledge - Essay Example As per researchers, the connection between the two builds race and knowledge can't be characterized precisely (Sternberg, 2005). Clinicians and sociologists have thought of various perspectives on what the builds infer. In their endeavor to correspond them, analysts have just offered approach to increasingly conflicting thoughts. It is a typical conviction that degree of insight differs from race to race. This conviction has fuelled discussion over the issue of racial segregation based on IQ or IQ. Nisbett (2005) states that there is a distinction of knowledge level among the Blacks and the Whites. He further cases that the Whites have scored over the Blacks in knowledge testing by one deviation point. In any case, Nisbett’s point is countered by the view that knowledge testing techniques shift contingent upon the socio-social setting of the individual (Sternberg, 2005). There have been a great deal of discussions and conversations over the examination of insight and its hereditary bearing. In spite of the fact that it is a theoretical idea yet can be estimated by methods for various procedures that continue advancing. Specialists are of the sentiment that as knowledge is multi-dimensional in nature and thoughtfully shift from society to society it calls for various theoretical techniques for estimatin g it (Neisser et al, 1996). Recently there happens to be a contradiction over the genuineness and legitimacy of IQ test designs as it has been proclaimed to be obsolete in discovering the knowledge level or mental capacity of various races. It is a direct result of the straightforward explanation that the theoretical develop fluctuates socially and socially. Accordingly the properties that make for insight inside the Chinese probably won't be so for the Americans. Along these lines one might say that the IQ test’s consistency is constrained (Neisser, 1996). Neisser’s sees however

Why Did We Stop Reading

Why Did We Stop Reading We have the best of intentions every time we purchase a new book. But then we get busy  and, over time, our bookshelves become mausoleums of unread tomes. Stacks and stacks of novels and biographies and self-help books, all collecting dust. There are at least two reasons we stumble into this predicament. First, we put too much pressure on ourselves: we see someone online who claims they read a book a week, and then we beat ourselves up when we dont live up to their expectations. Second, we let that which is easy and passiveâ€"social media, news feeds, televisionâ€"pull our attention away from deeper, more meaningful pursuits like long-form reading. But we can remove both of these obstacles with relative ease. First, we can set our own expectationsâ€"how about we each resolve to read just one enriching book per month this year? Second, we can eliminate as many distractions as possibleâ€"starting with removing the social media apps from our phones, and then replacing them with an e-reader app so that when we feel the tug of instant gratification, we reach for an e-book instead of our Instagram feeds. If we make only those two changes, well read considerably more throughout the coming twelve months. If youre looking for some new books to get you started, these are my favorites from the past year: Civilized to Death by Christopher Ryan. What is the price of progress? This book masterfully articulates why the so-called progress of the modern era has made us miserable. Its a new perspective that will make you reconsider your idea of success. Digital Minimalism by Cal Newport. A fresh take on the distractions that bombard our heavily mediated worldâ€"with practical advice and experiments to help you break through the digital clutter. Hillbilly Elegy by J.D. Vance. This is the book I wish I would have written about my childhood. Vance, who grew up in the same area and in similar circumstances as me, dissects the other side of the tracks in this thrilling memoir, putting into words the nuanced aspects of poverty that are often banalized or ignored by mainstream media outlets. Shortest Way Home by Pete Buttigieg. Certainly the best political autobiography Ive read. Regardless of your political leanings (I personally disagree with Buttigieg on several issues), the beautiful writing and narrative urgency of this book make it unputdownable. If Buttigieg doesnt further his career as a politician, he has a promising future as a Great American Writer. For more of my favorite books, check out my recommended books list. Whats your favorite recent book? Text me at 937-202-4654 and let me know (yes, thats really my phone number). Subscribe to The Minimalists via email. Why Did We Stop Reading We have the best of intentions every time we purchase a new book. But then we get busy  and, over time, our bookshelves become mausoleums of unread tomes. Stacks and stacks of novels and biographies and self-help books, all collecting dust. There are at least two reasons we stumble into this predicament. First, we put too much pressure on ourselves: we see someone online who claims they read a book a week, and then we beat ourselves up when we dont live up to their expectations. Second, we let that which is easy and passiveâ€"social media, news feeds, televisionâ€"pull our attention away from deeper, more meaningful pursuits like long-form reading. But we can remove both of these obstacles with relative ease. First, we can set our own expectationsâ€"how about we each resolve to read just one enriching book per month this year? Second, we can eliminate as many distractions as possibleâ€"starting with removing the social media apps from our phones, and then replacing them with an e-reader app so that when we feel the tug of instant gratification, we reach for an e-book instead of our Instagram feeds. If we make only those two changes, well read considerably more throughout the coming twelve months. If youre looking for some new books to get you started, these are my favorites from the past year: Civilized to Death by Christopher Ryan. What is the price of progress? This book masterfully articulates why the so-called progress of the modern era has made us miserable. Its a new perspective that will make you reconsider your idea of success. Digital Minimalism by Cal Newport. A fresh take on the distractions that bombard our heavily mediated worldâ€"with practical advice and experiments to help you break through the digital clutter. Hillbilly Elegy by J.D. Vance. This is the book I wish I would have written about my childhood. Vance, who grew up in the same area and in similar circumstances as me, dissects the other side of the tracks in this thrilling memoir, putting into words the nuanced aspects of poverty that are often banalized or ignored by mainstream media outlets. Shortest Way Home by Pete Buttigieg. Certainly the best political autobiography Ive read. Regardless of your political leanings (I personally disagree with Buttigieg on several issues), the beautiful writing and narrative urgency of this book make it unputdownable. If Buttigieg doesnt further his career as a politician, he has a promising future as a Great American Writer. For more of my favorite books, check out my recommended books list. Whats your favorite recent book? Text me at 937-202-4654 and let me know (yes, thats really my phone number). Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

The Unthinkable By Amanda Ripley - 884 Words

Everyday is a risk. People never know what effect their actions can cause. The simplest thing can be changed and make a big effect on the rest of the world. People come by risks all the time by what they might wear or what they might say, but life with out some risk is boring and to plain. In the second chapter of â€Å"The Unthinkable† by Amanda Ripley, the chapter introduces to a family who lived in New Orleans before the Hurricane Katrina Attack. The chapter introduces to an elderly man who has lived in New Orleans for a while and has become accustom to the surroundings of New Orleans. Now the situation that is happening is that he is not willing to leave to run away from the storm and his family is scared to take the risk of leaving him behind. Yes risk is natural in life, but there are some risks that shouldn’t be taken and then there are risks that can be avoid for the better. Risk a natural thing. Life is built around risks, risk of making your first friend or your first lover. It’s a dangerous thing but when played right usually ends up in favors of the person who plans it out better and is prepared for what the consequence will be. There are a lot of risks that people can control and be held responsible for but there are those that aren’t in a person control. In our story the daughter asked her father for a final request to just be prepared for the even and that even if he doesn’t use the tools to have them there just incase of anything (Ripley 24). What herShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Amanda Ripley s The Unthinkable944 Words   |  4 PagesUnfortunately, the only warning us everyday citizens were given was to call officials. There were no specific instructions on what we could do in case an emergency arises at the train station. In Amanda Ripley’s The Unthinkable, she covers disasters when they happen and how humans that are involved respond to them. Ripley argues that when someone is involved in a disaster, they experience human responses such as being in denial or delaying proper reactions. Because we can not control the brain and our irrationalRead MoreAmanda Ripley s The Unthinkable, She Covers Disasters When They Happen857 Words   |  4 Pagesor disaster happened at that moment, we wouldn’t know how to properly engage in saving ourselves. There were no specific instructions on what we could do in case an emergency arises. In Amanda Ripley’s The Unthinkable, she covers disasters when they happen and how humans that are involved respond to them. Ripley makes the major claim that when someone is involved in a disaster, they experience human responses such as being in denial or delaying proper reactions. I agree, and because we can’t controlRead MoreThe Unthinkable Essay1005 Words   |  5 Pagesall around us and happen more than we realize. Some go unnoticed and some are bl asted over the news for hours at a time. No matter the tragedy, people like you and me react in similar ways, also known as the survival arc. In the book, The Unthinkable, Amanda Ripley captures the ideas of how humans react in awful scenarios. As said frequently throughout the entirety of the book, people go through a series of stages during an accident: delay, weighing the risk, fear and deliberation, resilience, disbelief

Censorship Of Knowledge Perpetuates Uniformity - 1682 Words

Lloyd Kili Agamaite Mrs. DiBella English MYP 5 3 November 2015 Tyrannous Freedom The censorship of knowledge perpetuates uniformity in a community. In Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, banning and burning books is the people’s and government’s way of censoring knowledge. Through books, Guy Montag, the main character and fireman, develops individual thought, and becomes one of the most dangerous human beings in the society. Information and knowledge allows people to think for themselves. Therefore, the censoring of information by banning books prevents expression of individuality, advances in society, and any questioning of authority. Through his work, Montag discovers the endless learning that is possible through books. His later†¦show more content†¦This means almost all of the firemen look and act the same. When a group is the same, it is extremely easy to control, therefore it is necessary for the firemen to be be identical in order for the government is to have complete control over them. With Montag’s new individual thought in the mix conflicting with the other firemen’s views on uniqueness, Montag becomes a target of elimination for the firemen. Captain Beatty expresses to Montag the reason for the role of the fireman, â€Å"‘We stand against the small tide of those who want to make everyone unhappy with conflicting theory and thought†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (59). Beatty believes individual expression makes everyone unhappy, and so does most of the brainwashed society. Books are put to blame for the â€Å"evil† self expression some citizens display. This is because most books, es pecially nonfiction, are written in a different perspective even if they are written about the same thing. This leaves the reader with a decision to make about which side or perspective to believe in. These types of decisions heavily perpetuate â€Å"conflicting theory and thought† (59), the enemy of uniformity in a society. The firemen are meant to burn and destroy these collections of controversy, because if there is nothing to perpetuate it, all of society will conform to the instruction and regulations of the government. In other words, the government, or

Cinematic Theatre Free Essays

The current cinematic theatre is saturated with dramatic special effects and fantastical plot lines. In a world where continuous action is required to sell tickets, it was shocking to observe a movie centered around the value of mathematics succeed so spectacularly. In the 2016 film, Hidden Figures, the courageous and admirable battle against racism and sexism undoubtedly cultivates the film’s captivating nature. We will write a custom essay sample on Cinematic Theatre or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, the foundation of the screenplay was centered on the role of math in society’s greatest achievements. Elevating this facet of the film, the general population is unknowingly familiar with the principles explored. Deconstructing the mathematical principals utilized to send the first Americans into space exposes the value of math, at all levels of application, in complex challenges. To evaluate the foundation of the film, a synopsis is required. Hidden Figures is a biographical film, detailing three black female mathematicians who aided NASA in winning the Space Race. Katherine Jones, Dorothy Vaughan, and Mary Jackson battle racism, sexism, and a total disregard for intellectual capabilities as they challenge adversity in the name of their country. Both the historical figures and the production company succeeded, as the space launch and box office sales were a complete success (IMDb, 2016). The three woman were an unsuspecting asset for NASA late 1950s. Likewise, mathematics was an unsuspecting asset for Fox 2000 Pictures today. As aforementioned, mathematics plays a fundamental role in life’s challenges. This sentiment is exposed in Hidden Figures through three principles of varying levels of complexity. Foremost, the rudimentary principle of verifying work was emphasized at several instances throughout the movie. Repetitively, Al Harrison, the program’s director, instructed Katherine Johnson to review Stafford’s work (Schroeder ; Melfi, 2015). NASA was cognoscente of the dependence on accuracy. American lives were at stake. Subsequently, all work was checked and double-checked. This doctrine is familiar to all Americans. Reviewing one’s own work is instructed in the classroom, at all ages, and displays marked success in improving performance (Pape, Bell, Yetkin, 2003). The importance of checking calculations is referenced in just the third section of the first chapter of Mathematical Ideas, underscoring its importance (Miller, et al., 2016). The continuous imposition on Katherine Jones was observed by the audience, and sympathized with personally, building viewer interest. However, revision was not the only mathematical principle observed in Hidden Figures. Additional rudimentary pillars were present. Rocket science is not exclusively built on complex mathematical principals and theories. As noted, peer and personal revision were mainstays in the analysts approach. Critical thinking was an additional fundamental principle explored in the film. Critical thinking describes the ability to draw conclusions from given information, analyzing thinking with a view to improve it, and synthesizing data to meet objectives (Paul Elder, 2005). Throughout all points of the film, the main characters are assessing how they are viewing the challenges at hand, and tackling them in the most effective way. The use of critical thinking is evident as Mary enters the wind tunnel after testing a launch pod prototype. The experiment fails as the prototype begins to deconstruct. As the other engineers are investigating whether air drag or friction generation is a more important issue, Mary evaluates how to solve both problems with one solution. She insists flat head rivets would be an effective measure, and is promptly promoted to the engineering team (Schroeder Melfi, 2015). Critical thinking is also observed as Dorothy foresees her value to NASA deteriorating. As NASA implemented IBM computers to aid in operations, the need for human calculators was quickly disappearing. Dorothy used her critical thinking skills to identify the peril of her future, as well as to identify a future outlet of utility. She promptly teaches herself, and her colleagues, how to properly code the computer systems; a task requiring critical thinking skills (Jonassen, Carr, Yueh, 1998). However, this implementation of critical thinking is not the only instance observed. Critical thinking also led the analysts to the final mathematical principle addressed, the Euler Method. NASA was tasked with several challenges regarding the space launch. Perhaps the most difficult was predicting a twenty square mile reentry zone. The analysts and engineers were struggling to concoct means to deliver this estimate. Once again, utilizing critical thinking skills, Katherine delivered a profound theory; utilize the Euler Method. The Euler Method is a means of estimation utilizing differential equations. This theory utilizes successive estimations built off very small ranges of error. This allows for the slight variability experienced in complex equations, without significantly damaging the final result. The equation relies on basic mathematical principles, utilizing logarithmic and exponential laws to create valid differentials (Lempuo, 1995). These laws are deconstructed in basic level textbooks, such as chapter seven of Mathematical Ideas (Miller, et al,. 2016). Further adding to the fascinating nature of the film, Hidden Figures displayed that the early development of rocket science was fuled by theories taught to children and young adults. Hidden Figures was a surprise at several different levels. Foremost, the film shocked speculators, as a movie grounded in mathematical principles garned widespread success. However, perhaps more fascinating, was the exposition of the math involved. The film depicts the first American man sent to space; and depicts the basic mathematical principles that achieved this feat. Revision, critical thinking, and Euler’s method launched a man through the Earth’s atmosphere. Thankfully, the film weaved the utilization of these principles in with the battle against racism and sexism, exposing the work of mathmaticians in one of society’s greatest achievements. How to cite Cinematic Theatre, Papers

Pneumatic and Electric Drive for Hybrid Vehicles -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePneumatic and Electric Drive Systems for Hybrid Vehicles. Answer: Pneumatic systems are known to use air or pressurized systems in their functioning. The pneumatic drive systems use a key mechanisms, where they use compressed air or inert gases to move their parts. The most functions on which these systems are used include in the train doors, mechanical clamps and some of the production assemblies. On the other hand, an electrical driver system is a systems which uses electricity in the control of its speed, torque and the direction of the electric motor or electric generator which is installed (Khajepour, Fallah, Goodarzi, 2014). In order to change the output, the key factors which are changed include the voltage and frequencies. A person has different factors to consider in the choice of either a pneumatic systems or to use the electrical drive systems (Subrahmanyam, 2011, p. 91). The two types of drives have their pros and cons and therefore it is important for proper analysis in order to maximise the production when facedwith the decision to c hoose one of them. Performance, cost factors and effectiveness factors are some of the key analysis elements which will help one to make viable decisions when faced with the difficulty of choosing between the two drive systems. The delivery situation for the pneumatic drives is usually achieved at high speed combined with low torque. Nevertheless, in these systems, the torque and speed are usually independent factors. In their application, the pneumatics drives are the most cost effective systems to be used. This is when the costs is a key factor to consider when the dilemma of which system need to be used. Moreover, compared to other systems, the pneumatic drives are able to offer implausible torque and velocity per each unit in comparison to the electric drives or any other apart from the hydraulic drive systems (National Joint Apprenticeship and Training Committee for the Electrical Industry, 2008). Moreover, the pneumatic drives have small sized compressors, which make them cost effective and increase their efficiency. Moreover, the large compressors are only effective at situation when large pneumatic drives are driven. One key advantage of the electric drives over the pneumatic drives is the precisions control and positioning. The drives are able to play a critical role in the flexible adaptation of the machines and maintenance of low cost of operations. The economic nature of the use of electric drive is usually attained when the moderate scale of functionality is attained (Tan, Putra, 2011). The main reason which is tied to this is the low cost of replacement which is achieved. Some of the key electric drive systems in the market, used to control electric machines include the steppers and servos. At low speed and accurate positioning, the step electric motors are the most effective. On the other hand, the servos are able to deliver superior work at high speed although high cost of operations is achieved when they are used. In comparison, the electric drive systems are able to offer multiple advantages compared to the pneumatic drive systems. One of the key disadvantage of the pneumatic drive system can arrive where the air for compression is not available. This can be compared in placed like offices, where for electric drives, only the electricity is needed. This has seen the increased application of the electric drives over the pneumatic drive systems. In addition, the electric drives are controllable meaning that the output and input are set by the owners. In terms of the stroke length, the electric drives are able to provide end of stroke in the repetitive positioning and precisions described. Intermediate stops and flexible motion profiles are other key advantages which the electric drives are able to enjoy over the pneumatic systems. In addition, the installation and maintenance costs of the electric systems are much lower compares to the same costs in the pneumatic systems. Nevertheless, the pneumatic drives also have some key advantages over the electric drive systems. One of the key advantages is the low cost of the system. The electric systems are much expensive compares to the pneumatic systems. In addition, the pneumatic systems are able to offer high torque and velocities are very low unit costs. In comparison with the electric drive systems, this is one of the key merits of using the pneumatic systems over the electric drive systems. Moreover, it is important that the different components of a system to be controlled different and with ease. The torque and velocities in the pneumatic systems are independent and this makes it easy to control either of the factors. In addition, safety is a key consideration for any systems and the pneumatic system employs the use of oversi8zed cylinders to enhance the safety measures. In the pneumatic drive systems, it is easy and much practical to step up to a large diameter. In addition, when deployment is done i n large scale, the effectiveness in the pneumatic systems is able to exceed the effectiveness in the electric systems. This makes the systems much cost effectiveness in the use compare to the electric drive systems. In addition, in terms of the designs, the pneumatic systems are simple and therefore easy to understand. This is in comparison with the electric systems which are complex and therefore training for their use is usually required (Kiel, 2008, p. 121). Moreover, the pneumatic drives can even employ the use of automatic control application, which is not easy for the electric systems. Lastly, the air is less affected by harsh conditions such as weather and this makes the pneumatic systems more adaptable in the different conditions. In addition, in terms of safety, the pneumatic systems are much safer, since they can operate anywhere even in inflammable environments. Nevertheless, over loading the pneumatic system can lead to end of the use of the system due to failure (In Demenko, 2015). Moreover, the pneumatic systems are much friendly to the environment since they cause less pollution. This is unlike the electric systems which have oil and grease which are not friendly to the environment. The pneumatic systems can also be used in areas where clean air is needed system they are known to be able to release clean air. Nevertheless, the pneumatic systems have low accuracy level in comparison with the electric systems. The output operations are able to depend on the amount of pressurized gases fed into the system. Instability in output is a critical factor for the pneumatic systems. Air volume changes with temperature changes. This is a key con experienced when working with the pneumatic drive systems. Additionally, pneumatic drives only require low loading to avoid their failure. This puts a limit on the operations of the systems and therefore limiting the output production of the system. In addition, there are conditions which may increase the wear and tear of the parts (Crowder, 2006, p. 78). Most importantly, the changes in air volumes in the systems are able to bring uneven speed. Lastly, these systems are noisy and therefore cannot be used in quiet environments. On the other hand, the electric drives have high initial cost and are not compatible in all environments. High usage causes overheating and this increases the wear and tear. Additionally, the electric dives are motor locks therefore the speeds limits to a fixed setting value. Summary In terms of usage, the electric drives rely on electricity while the pneumatic drives use compressed air to generate the mechanical energy to drive the parts. The pneumatic drive systems use the pressurized air to operate their valves. Key factors which are considered in the choice of the systems are productivity, cost and performance of the systems on the different environments. Individual will therefore analyze these factors in the aim of choosing which will suit their use. References In Demenko, A. (2015). Modelling of magnetic and electric circuits. Khajepour, A., Fallah, M. S., Goodarzi, A. (2014). Electric and hybrid vehicles: Technologies, modeling, and control : a mechatronic approach. National Joint Apprenticeship and Training Committee for the Electrical Industry. (2008). Blueprint reading for electricians. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar/Cengage Learning. Tan, K. K., Putra, A. S. (2011). Drives and control for industrial automation. London: Springer.

Soil Pollution Essay Example Essay Example

Soil Pollution Essay Example Paper Soil Pollution Essay Introduction What Is Soil Pollution? Soil pollution comprises the toxic waste of soils with resources, mostly chemicals that are out of place or are present at concentrations advanced than normal which may have unpleasant effects on humans or other organisms. However, soil pollution is also caused by resources other than the undeviating addition of man-made chemicals such as undeveloped runoff waters, industrial waste materials, acidic precipitates, and radioactive clash. Both organic and inorganic contaminants are imperative in soil. Soil pollution is caused by the presence of synthetic chemicals or other modification in the natural soil background. This type of contamination normally arises from the split of underground storage links, use of pesticides, and percolation of polluted surface water to subsurface strata, oil and fuel dumping, leaching of wastes from landfills or direct discharge of industrial wastes to the soil. The most common chemicals involved are petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents , pesticides, lead and other heavy metals. This episode of this incident is linked with the degree of industrialization and intensities of chemical treatment. Soil pollution can lead to water pollution if poisonous chemicals percolate into groundwater, or if contaminated overflow reaches streams, lakes, or oceans. Soil also naturally contributes to air pollution by releasing likely to explode compounds into the atmosphere. Soil Pollution Essay Body Paragraphs The decay of untreated materials in soil can release sulfur dioxide and other sulfur compounds, causing acid rain. Heavy metals and other potentially toxic elements are the most grave soil pollutants in sewage. Sewage mud contains heavy metals and, if functional over and over again or in large amounts, the treated soil may build up heavy metals and as a result become not capable to even support plant life. In accumulation, chemicals that are not water soluble contaminate plants that grow on polluted soils. The greater than ever pollution of the atmosphere has been one of the greatest concerns for science and the universal public in the last fifty years. The brisk industrialization of agriculture, spreading out of the chemical industry, and the need to generate cheap forms of energy has caused the constant release of man-made organic chemicals into natural ecosystems. As a result, the atmosphere, bodies of water, and many soil environments have become contaminated by a large variety o f toxic compounds. These include the hazard of acute toxicity, genetic changes, birth defects for humans and other organisms. Some of these artificial toxic compounds are also dead set against to substantial, chemical, or biological dreadful conditions and thus be a symbol of an ecological burden of considerable amount. Effects Of Soil Pollution Soil Pollution was in the beginning defined as the pollution of soil system where by noteworthy quantities of chemical or other substances, resulted in the turn down of its fertility or output with respect to the yield of crops. Soil pollution differs from water and air pollution, because the contaminants remain in direct contact with the soil for comparatively longer periods and hence change the chemical and genetic properties of soil. The harmful chemicals can also enter the human food chain from land or water plants. The major sources of pollution of soil include mining, mud, fertilizers, pesticides, composted town refuse etc. Fly ash gen erated from thermal power plants, industrial wastes dumped into surrounding land, mining wastes, non-biodegradable organic pollutants, and industrial sludge’s etc are the reasons which cause soil pollution. Commercial and domestic urban wastes consisting of dried sewage sludge as well as trash and debris materials such as plastics, metal cans, glasses, street sweepings, waste paper, fibers, rubber etc contribute to soil pollution. Effects of Soil Pollutants Different types of soil pollutants have different effect on the nature of soil. Now let’s look into the effect caused by each of these pollutants. a) Synthetic fertilizers: Excess use of fertilizers destroys the microbial plant life in the soil, thus leading to disturbance of essential processes in soil such as nitrogen fixation. ) Pesticides are often used to keep away pests which damage the crops produced and often cause soil pollution as they are mostly non environmental. They take many years to degrade and remai n as toxic remains in soil. They may also enter marine environment through run off after rain and enter the food chain. c) Industrial effluents: Solid, liquid and gaseous pollutants from thermal power plants, paper, fertilizer, iron, and steel industry often end up in the soil and cause dreadful conditions of soil due to their toxicity. ) Urban wastes: wastes generated in urban living areas such as sewage mud, garbage, hospital wastes, plastic bags etc also are a major cause of soil pollution. These wastes tend to build up in soil, support the growth of pathogenic life form and cause diseases. Waste material like plastic tends to remain non biodegradable in soil and affect soil yield. Effective treatment of household wastes and modern methods of sewage throwing away if implemented, soil pollution can be taken care of. Formulation of rigorous pollution control legislation and its efficient realization is also essential and imparting public awareness programmes to educate people regar ding the health hazards of pollution is a must to control soil pollution. Effects Of Soil Erosion On The Environment Loss of soil from land owing to the personal property of water and wind currents is called soil erosion. It is a natural process that transports soil from one location to another. In natural conditions, this progression takes place in a slow and continuing manner. Due to human being impact the rate of soil erosion is considerably accelerated. Some of the issues that speed up the process of soil erosion are deforestation, over grazing and improper or in excess amount of farming practices. When soil erosion happens very slowly but surely it has negligible effect on the land as an adequate amount of time is on hand for to substitute with new soil. But accelerated erosion leads to unfavorable special effects and decreases soil fertility as it diminishes the amount of nutrients. Decrease in soil fertility due to wearing away leads to decrease in the output of crop and also excellence of crops grown. Eroding land can show the way to accidents and when soil that shifts and gets accumulated on roads and streets can block the driving. These effects are common in sloppy and mountain regions. Soil erosion can reason great damage to environment as greater than before loss of soil can have an effect on the growth of natural vegetation and in turn this leads to transfer of fertile land into a desert. Soil erosion leads to confirmation of remains by water currents in water bodies like ponds, which can hurt marine plant and animal life. The soil sediments can cover up fish eggs present in ponds and prevent their hatching. Due to erosion soil particles stay on the edge in water and prevent light from reaching marine plants and have an effect on the process of photosynthesis. Due to gigantic amount of suspended soil particles in water it retains the heat and raises the water temperature, which affects the living organisms. Another major shock from the agricultura l chemicals that often move with worn residue is that these chemicals move into, and pollute, downstream watercourses and water bodies. Where inputs of agricultural chemicals are high – as in the more wealthy nations – costs of removing such pollutants from drinking water can be extensive. The harmful effects of erosion, in terms of decreased agricultural yields, are well known in the developing countries. In erosion-prone areas of the more well-off countries, productivity may be maintained in the short to medium term by increased fertilizer input. The effects of erosion are thus rarely recognized by farmers in richer countries. This approach is however infeasible with regard to erosion in developing countries. Causes Of Soil Pollution Soil pollution is caused by the existence of man-made chemicals or additional variation in the usual soil environment. This type of infectivity characteristically arises from the rupture of alternative storage links, application of pesti cides, and percolation of contaminated surface water to subsurface strata, oil and fuel throwing away, leakage of wastes from landfills or nonstop discharge of industrial wastes to the soil. A soil pollutant is any feature which deteriorates the excellence, stability and mineral substance of the soil or which disturbs the organic sense of balance of the organisms in the soil. Pollution in soil is coupled with factors such as: Haphazard use of fertilizers Soil nutrients are vital for plant growth and development. Fertilizers pollute the soil with impurities. The over use of fertilizers reduce quantity of vegetables and crops grown on soil over the Years. It also reduces the protein content of wheat, maize, etc. , grown on that soil. The carbohydrate quality of such crops also gets tainted. Surplus potassium at ease in soil decreases Vitamin C in vegetables and fruits. The vegetables and fruits grown on over fertilized Use of pesticides, insecticides and herbicides To kill useless ins ects living on crops farmers use pesticides. Pesticides not only bring toxic effect on human and animals but also drop off the fertility of the soil. Dumping of solid wastes In broad-spectrum, solid waste includes trash, domestic refuse and not needed solid materials such as those from commercial, industrial and agricultural operations. Since a considerable amount of urban solid throw away tends to be paper and food waste, the majority is recyclable or biodegradable in landfills. I the same way, most agricultural waste is recycled and mining waste is left on site. The segment of solid waste that is dangerous such as oils, battery metals, heavy metals from smelting industries and organic solvents are the ones we have to pay particular attention to. Deforestation Soil Erosion occurs when the worn out particles are dislodged and passed away by wind or water. Deforestation, agricultural development, temperature extremes, and human actions add to this erosion. Humans speed up this proces s by construction, mining, and overgrazing. It results in floods and cause soil erosion. Forests hold up many habitats and ecosystems, which make available immeasurable feeding pathways or food chains to all species. During the past few years quite a lot of vast green land has been converted into deserts. Deforestation is slowly destroying the most dynamic flora and fauna areas in the human race. We will write a custom essay sample on Soil Pollution Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Soil Pollution Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Soil Pollution Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

The History of Cable Cars and Electric Streetcars

The History of Cable Cars and Electric Streetcars San Franciscan Andrew Smith Hallidie patented the first cable car on January 17, 1861, sparing many horses the excruciating work of moving people up the citys steep roadways. Using metal ropes he had patented, Hallidie devised a mechanism by which cars were drawn by an endless cable running in a slot between the rails which passed over a steam-driven shaft in the powerhouse. The First Cable Railway After gathering financial backing, Hallidie and his associates constructed the first cable railway. The track ran from the intersection of Clay and Kearny Streets along 2,800 feet of track to the crest of a hill 307 feet above the starting point. At 5:00 on the morning of August 1, 1873, a few nervous men climbed aboard the cable car as it stood on the hilltop. With Hallidie at the controls, the car descended and arrived safely at the bottom. Given San Franciscos steep terrain, the cable car came to define the city. Writing in 1888, Harriet Harper declared: If anyone should ask me what I consider the most distinctive, progressive feature of California, I should answer promptly: its cable car system. And it is not alone its system which seems to have reached a point of perfection, but the amazing length of the ride that is given you for the chink of a nickel. I have circled this city of San Francisco, I have gone the length of three separate cable lines (by means of the proper transfers) for this smallest of Southern coins. The success of the San Francisco line led to the expansion of that system and the introduction of street railways in many other cities. Most U.S. municipalities had abandoned horse-drawn cars for electrically powered cars by the 1920s. The Omnibus The first mass transportation vehicle in America was an omnibus. It looked like a stagecoach and was pulled by horses. The first omnibus to operate in America began running up and down Broadway in New York City in 1827. It was owned by Abraham Brower, who also helped organize the first fire department in New York. There had long been horse-drawn carriages in America to take people where they wanted to go. What was new and different about the omnibus was that it ran along a certain designated route and charged a very low fare. People who wanted to get on would wave their hands in the air. The driver sat on a bench on top of the omnibus at the front, like a stagecoach driver. When people who were riding inside wanted to get off the omnibus, they pulled on a little leather strap. The leather strap was connected to the ankle of the person who was driving the omnibus. Horse-drawn omnibuses ran in America cities from 1826 until about 1905. The Streetcar The streetcar was the first important improvement over the omnibus. The first streetcars were also pulled by horses, but the streetcars rolled along special steel rails that were placed in the middle of the roadway instead of traveling along regular streets. The wheels of the streetcar were also made of steel, carefully manufactured in such a way so they would not roll off the rails. A horse-drawn streetcar was much more comfortable than an omnibus, and a single horse could pull a streetcar that was larger and carried more passengers. The first streetcar began service in 1832 and ran along Bowery Street in New York. It was owned John Mason, a wealthy banker, and built by John Stephenson, an Irishman.  Stephensons New York company would become the largest and most famous builder of horse-drawn streetcars. New Orleans became the second American city to offer streetcars in 1835. The typical American streetcar was operated by two crew members. One man, a driver, rode up front. His job was to drive the horse, controlled by a set of reigns. The driver also had a brake handle that he could use to stop the streetcar. When streetcars got bigger, sometimes two and three horses would be used to haul a single car. The second crew member was the conductor, who rode at the back of the car. His job was to help passengers get on and off the streetcar and to collect their fares. He gave the driver a signal when everyone was on board and it was safe to proceed, pulling on a rope that was attached to a bell that the driver could hear at the other end of the car.   Hallidie’s Cable Car The first major attempt to develop a machine that could replace horses on Americas streetcar lines was the cable car in 1873. Converting streetcar lines from horse cars to cable cars required digging a ditch between the rails and building a chamber under the track from one end of the line to the other. This chamber was called a vault. When the vault was finished, a small opening was left at the top. A long cable was placed inside the vault. The cable ran under city streets from one end of  the streetcar line to the other. The cable was spliced into a big loop and was kept moving by a huge steam engine with massive wheels and pulleys located in a powerhouse at the side of the street. The cable cars themselves were equipped with a device that extended down below the car into the vault and allowed the operator of the car to latch onto the moving cable when he wanted the car to go. He could release the cable when he wanted the car to stop. There were many pulleys and wheels inside the vault to make sure the cable was able to go around corners, as well as up and down hills. Although the first cable cars ran in San Francisco, the largest and busiest fleet of cable cars was in Chicago. Most large American cities had one or more cable car lines by 1890. Trolley Cars Frank Sprague  installed a complete system of electric streetcars in Richmond, Virginia, in 1888. This was the first large-scale and successful use of electricity to run a citys entire system of streetcars. Sprague was born in Connecticut in 1857. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland in 1878 and began a career as a naval officer. He resigned from the navy in 1883 and went to work for Thomas Edison. Many cities turned to electric-powered streetcars after 1888. To get electricity to the streetcars from the powerhouse where it was generated, an overhead wire was installed over streets. A streetcar would touch this electric wire with a long pole on its roof. Back at the powerhouse, big steam engines would turn huge generators to produce the electricity needed to operate the streetcars. A new name was soon developed for streetcars powered by electricity: trolley cars.

About me Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

About me - Essay Example My first step was to create a timetable for myself with the appropriate timings for all the different tasks. Though the time table did take time but I promised myself that I would stick to it. I allocated a perfect time to all my works according to their importance. Along with this I also bought a small notebook which could fit into my pocket so that I could carry it anywhere with me. This assisted me in the development of the habit of taking small notes so that I did not forget tasks that needed to be performed. The maintenance of a time table was a crucial step since it assisted me in the further steps that I had to take which included reading, memory and concentration. I made it a habit to read two pages of the English newspaper so that my reading could improve. Concentration was always a problem and because of that I could not concentrate on my class lectures. To assist in this, I started allocating an hour everyday to read a book without any break. For enhancing my memory I started writing down things at least thrice that I had to learn. If they were lengthy I would read them more than twice so that I could retain them. Also as soon as a test schedule was received I used to mark it as a top priority on my time table. I also gave my reading time and the time for concentration in this preparation time to read my own text books which would maintain my concentration as well my reading habits. These formulas turned out to be very helpful for me. I excelled in studies with improving grades in every session. Thus proper management and priority of works assists in excelling in one’s studies and it is actually practice that makes one

Racial Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Racial Diversity - Essay Example Furthermore, Farley (2005) argues that Dave Chappelle deals with racial divisions by confronting his audience with it in a comedic way. Consequently, his audience laughs at the use of racial stereotypes in his jokes, but the issue of racial divisions is talked about and not ignored. The thesis of this paper is that the use of racial stereotypes in comedy shows, such as â€Å"The Chapelle Show† helps to overcome them. It might seem as if the use of stereotypes actually perpetuates them, because stereotypes are repeated on a regular basis. However, it is important to note that although stereotypes are repeated in certain comedy shows, it is not necessarily negative, because it helps us to deal with the issue and thereby overcoming racial tensions. Racial stereotypes are used frequently by various comedy shows, such as the â€Å"Chappelle Show†, however, the use of them in a comedy setting helps us, as a society, to approach the issue. For instance, from an educational point of view, the fact that the topic has been dealt with in school, supports that thesis. On the one hand, we are repeating stereotypes by talking about them, but on the other hand, we are dealing with the topic of racial division, which will help us to overcome them in the long run. Dave Chappelle’s show was wildly known for the use of the â€Å"N† word, which is a term that is not politically correct. By using stereotypes and a certain vocabulary which is often not socially accepted, the audience is confronted with a topic that many people prefer to ignore: racial issue in America. The show became very popular and as a consequence, many people were confronted with the issue and dealt with stereotypes and racial divisions. Moreover, the media picked up the controversial topic as well and dealt with the implications. It is probably fair to say that â€Å"Chappelle’s Show† took away the â€Å"scariness† of the topic, which made it more

Symbolic Violence and Structural Violence

Symbolic Violence and Structural Violence This weeks readings are composed of the topics of structural violence and symbolic violence. Galtung and Farmers perspectives on personhood and conflict relationship are built around the concept of the structural violence. In general terms, structural violence means sociopolitical inequalities emerge out of the structures. In addition to them, Bourdieu and Bourgois Schonberg bring new perspective by looking at the debate from different angle with the term symbolic violence which means gender inequalities emerges out of the embeddedness of female subordination by male in daily life. Galtung first discusses the concept of violence in his 1969 article of Violence, Peace and Peace Research and displays the relationship and difference between direct/personal/with subject and indirect/structural/without subject violence. In his article Cultural Violence (Galtung, 1990), it is defined as any aspect of a culture that can be used to legitimize violence in its direct or structural form (p.291). In Pierre Bourdieus article, we analyze how symbolic violence influences the gender relations by being embodied in the daily life habits of an agent. We may add that culture sometimes play a legitimizing role to strengthen symbolic violence. In my country, Turkey, there is still the honor killings phenomenon in the name of culture, which actually includes cultural and symbolic violence. It is a somewhat direct violence but also somewhat symbolic for the rest of the society and male-female relations. Galtungs prescription against those types of violence is clear; establish negative (the absence of direct violence) and positive (absence of structural and cultural violence) peace (p.183). In his article of Gender and Symbolic Violence, Pierre Bourdieu looks at violence in a different perspective than Galtung and builds relationship between violence and gender. According to him, hegemonic power and the domination of this power on its victims can be called symbolic violence. The male domination over the female can be strengthened with the help of the concepts, language, and symbols used in daily life habits. He does not mean to reduce the importance of physical violence, instead, focuses on the construction of misrecognition through the dominant discourses in various types of socio-cultural domination. Misrecognition is confirmed by dominant discourse and is embodied in womens body with hidden symbols. As he mentions this symbolic violence is most of the time unnoticed-partly unconsciousness- because the victims of this violence may not recognize it, or become silent because of their subordination or they feel daunted against the violence. His prescription is explained as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦radical transformation of the social conditions of production of the dispositions that lead the dominated to take the point of view of the dominant on the dominant and on themselves.(p.342). Paul Farmers personhood is much more related to structural issues. In On Suffering and Structural Violence, he tries to understand the mechanisms which cause social forces from poverty to racism to be embodied as individual experiences (p.281). He argues that what happens to Acephie and Chouchou the former dies because of AIDS and the latter dies because of political violence- are two different versions of structural violence. He reaches the conclusion that inequality of power and its implications on the poor are because of the structural arrangements of dominant powers of the world. Silence of socioeconomically poor people is because of the dominant power relations and its reflections on Third World countries. According to him, what happened to Acephie and Chouchou is explained as; these afflictions were not the result of accident or of force majeure; they were the consequence, direct or indirect, of human agency(p.286) He also mentions that when people are suffering because of pov erty, their access to health, food, and shelter are limited because of their social status. His prescription is much more related to the humane and offers global precautions. He thinks that instead of debating cultural differences, the social inequalities should be reduced. The precautions should focus on reducing global poverty, by so we can break the link between social violence and social acceptance of poverty. After the discussion on historically reproduced structures of social inequality and the deficiencies of accessing to health care which is a basic human right in Third World countries in Farmers article, we witness similar arguments in Philippe Bourgois and Jeff Schonbergs book of Righteous Dopefiend. The authors give us a portrayal of the sufferings of the homeless and heroin addicted community of Edgewater from their own personal participant observations. In general, the book is so impressive because of the use of photographs, transcripts of recorded conversations and the authors participant observations. The authors display the daily experiences of these heroin addicted-homeless people and analyze anthropologically those experiences. In the book, we see how those people suffer but also try to hang onto life one more day by involving in burglary, day labor, panhandling and so on. The book is constructed on the themes of how violence is seen in childhood, community of addicted people, in gender relations, in race issues, sexuality, power inequality, and so on. In the book, one of the main arguments is that while we enter into twenty first century, neoliberalism has produced a strata of rich people but also a strata of lumpen in United States. Those people who couldnt adapt themselves into the changing system are marginalized and exposed to the structural violence and victimized. They are Edgewater dopefiends now. On page 320, the authors mentioned that the burden of lumpenization is more severe in nonindustrialized societies. They add that there is not only power inequality and poverty issue but also poverty is being punished which is actually the extension of symbolic violence. Authors barrow from Bourdieus concept of misrecognition and symbolic violence (Bourdieu 2000) and apply it to Foucaults power/knowledge relationship. According to them, policy debates and interventions often mystify large scale structural power vectors and unwittingly reassign blame to the powerless for their individual failures and moral character deficiencies. (p.297). Here we see that, the heroin addicted-homeless people of Edgewater, Sanfransico, are not only excluded from the whole social network and locked up into their own social network but also blamed on them for their failure. Although the book criticizes so much of health care system and the role of structural forces on the suffering of those people, I believe I would be happy to read ethical considerations of the authors during their research. In conclusion, this weeks reading were so impressive and must be thought on more. In addition to that, I believe what they are theorizing must be put into practice and the awareness on structural, cultural and symbolic violence must be increased with policy recommendations. Or the project/practice areas should be determined and implemented by the field experts.

Challenges Facing the Graduate Student Essay

The many challenges that face the potential graduate students may inhibit them from taking that first step to enrolling in graduate school. This paper will focus on personal challenges for this writer and strategies she will use to overcome them. Some challenges for this writer are working full-time, being financially responsible for others while maintaining a mortgage and family responsibilities. Time management and a novice regarding some computer programs also provide other challenges. Many obstacles have to be conquered in an effort to ensure success. Hardin (2008) contends these barriers often put her at a greater risk for being unsuccessful. The purpose for this writer entering graduate study is the hope of expanding her career opportunities to include teaching at the undergraduate level. Her motivation to return to school was two-fold. A divorce and a lengthy recovery following a work-related injury within a year inspired thoughts of facing the future being financially independent and wondering if the recovery would be without limitations to allow a return to bedside nursing. These life changes prompted soul searching and re-motivated this writer to pursue a graduate degree, a goal that had been set several years prior. As a graduate student this writer faces the challenges encompassed with being an adult. Over the past 30 years, there has been an escalation of students, primarily women, entering graduate study. According to Hardin (2008) the motivation for many women to return to school is usually centered on a major life change. These women usually return to college in an effort to support their families. Balancing commitments, such as work, life, school and other responsibilities create a stressor to the student and pose even more challenges. As the sole provider for two children and responsible for other financial costs that entail, this writer works full-time on the nightshift. Traditionally compensation on nightshift is more than traditional work schedules. Although financially this helps alleviate one stress for this writer, another stress is created, lack of sleep. Sleep deprivation, fatigue and sleepiness negatively affect function that often results in decreased productivity (Mulgrew, 2007). This writer believes working nightshift and facing the sleeping challenge poses a potential barrier to success. Based on 2004 statistics, approximately 15% of Americans work nontraditional work schedules (Chung, Wolf, Shapiro, 2009). Adan and Natale (2002) also found that the relationship between gender and shift work support the thought women are more morning types, preferring to retire to sleep earlier and rise sooner, which results in optimal mental performance. This writer believes this to be true of her. In an effort to meet the challenge of time management, she will keep an accurate calendar and prioritize all appointments, work schedule, and other commitments. Blocking out hours of the day to focus on schoolwork as well as ensuring enough sleep while pursuing personal goals such as exercise should encourage quality work. Procrastination is time’s enemy. A few minutes of effective planning will save time in the end. This involves a continual assessment and reassessment of priorities and activities (Spidal, 2009). Financial stressors also affect the graduate student. Hardin (2008) found lack of financial support may actually prevent an adult from enrolling in graduate school. The adult student often differs from the traditional student as her financial needs often include a mortgage and childcare. Working nightshift helps alleviate the financial deficit for this writer as nightshift pays a differential. Many nurses, including myself, will work extra shifts to offset the financial burden. Attending classes may inhibit the overtime opportunity, therefore smaller paychecks add to the existing financial load. A graduate student has to weigh the benefits of an education when after graduation her financial debt will increase (Morgenthaler, 2009). In an effort to minimize the loan amount, this writer researched loans and scholarships. She consulted her employer and found there were a few scholarships available in addition to education reimbursement. The scholarship amounts are monetarily limited. Some also require a commitment to continuing employment for a set number of years per scholarship. Despite these caveats, any amount of money is helpful to decrease the debt as well as ensuring longer employment. Another challenge facing this writer is she has never used PowerPoint in any arena. This may lead to a feeling of inadequacy. To neutralize this deficit she will ensure access to the latest computer programs for her papers, research, or presentation. Ultimately the amount of effort put forth by this writer to achieve desired educational results will depend on her overall motivation and dedication to her goal. Hardin (2008) has found that most graduate students are not prepared academically. This is associated to being away from the academic setting for a prolonged amount of time. Technological skills may be outdated or she may not understand the new computer programs. Conducting research and writing papers at a professional level may also be intimidating to the graduate student (Morgenthaler, 2009). Many challenges face this nontraditional graduate student as she returns to school. Although there are significant obstacles, this writer is optimistic about overcoming these obstacles by using the aforementioned strategies as she successfully completes graduate school.

Site Finding And Planning For Wind Farms Environmental Sciences Essay

Finding a air current farm site is a juggle act where many, frequently conflicting, issues need to be considered and balanced before a determination to develop a possible site is taken. At the most basic degree, after set uping that the end product from a air current power undertaking can be sold at an acceptable monetary value, the following are the acerb trials for any possible development: 1.Is grid connexion probably to be cost effectual for the coveted size of development? 2.Is the air current resource adequate? 3.Will the undertaking be able to obtain all the licenses necessary for the air current farm to be built? 4.Is entree to the site and building of the air current farm likely to be cost effectual? 5.Can the rights to the land be secured? A good outlook that the reply to all of the above trials will be positive is a pre-requisite for doing the investing necessary to gain a undertaking, although necessarily early determinations need to be made on uncomplete information. A Each of the issues is considered in a little more item below:Grid connexionWhen looking for a site, propinquity to a medium electromotive force grid is a good initial index that an appropriate connexion is practical. The following phase of the procedure is to keep treatments with the appropriate electrical authorization. A The consequences of such treatments will normally bespeak a cap, or a series of caps on the upper limit installed capacity at a possible site which are associated with increasingly more dearly-won grid connexion scenarios. A Some elaborate analysis by the electrical authorization, at the cost of the developer, may be necessary before even approximative figures are available. A The presence of merely a high electromotive force line n ear to a little or average air current farm may non be helpful as the cost of connexion to such a grid may be prohibitory.Wind ResourceIt is hard to generalize how best to measure the air current resource at a possible air current farm site when no site air current informations are available, as different states have markedly different air current governments. A Some general regulations, for which there are many noteworthy exclusions, are listed below: Good exposure, peculiarly in the prevailing air current way, will well better the resource at a site. The rate at which wind velocity reduces off from the countries of a site with the best exposure should non be underestimated. A An â€Å" ideal † hill would hold smooth inclines of about 17 A grades gradient. Steeper inclines do non give significant extra sweetening of the air current flow but can do separation of the flow which complicates the air current conditions at a site. A Low flora at and around a site retards the air current flow less than tall flora. A However, a site with good exposure and little trees is likely to turn out better than a site with hapless exposure and no trees. ABuilding licensesKey issues will change between parts and states but common sense indicates that countries with particular appellations are best avoided. A Low visibleness from cardinal countries of habitation or diversion is besides desirable. A If there are homes within a few 100 metres of the air current farm site noise or shadow spark may turn out an insurmountable job in some states. A Turbines can interfere with electromagnetic telecommunications signals. A The presence of a telecommunications mast at a site or such signals which cross a site may therefore perplex the procedure of obtaining a edifice license. A A cheque for telecasting communications should besides be made which may non be evident from ocular review.EntreeThe distance to the nearest route entree and t he complexness of the terrain will well act upon the capital cost of the undertaking. ALand handinessLand handiness varies from state to state but a possible site where there are comparatively few landholders and landholders who can give sole rights to the developer is the ideal state of affairs. The job of site happening lends itself good to a thorough and elaborate Geographical Information System ( GIS ) based attack where air current atlases, an electrical grid map, roads, environmental appellations and other standards can all be input and the optimum sites defined. A In pattern, nevertheless, a more matter-of-fact attack may good turn out more appropriate.2. WIND FARM LAYOUT DESIGNThe air current farm layout is typically designed utilizing a professional air current farm design bundle. A Such tools allows for an effectual loop and optimization of the cardinal parametric quantities for the layout.Preliminary layout designOnce a site has been identified and the determination has been taken to put in its development the air current farm design process commences. A This is necessarily an iterative procedure. A The first undertaking is to specify the restraints on the development: Maximum installed capacity ( due to grid connexion or Power Purchase Agreement footings ) Site boundary Set dorsums from roads, homes, overhead lines, ownership boundaries etc. Environmental restraints Location of noise and shadow spark sensitive homes, if any, and appraisal standards Location of visually sensitive point of views, if any, and appraisal standards Turbine minimal spacings as defined by the turbine provider. Constraints associated with communications signals such as microwave nexus corridors, if any. Local ordinances that limit the turbine type permissible for the development. These restraints may alter as treatments and dialogues advancement with assorted parties. For the intent of specifying the preliminary layout it is necessary to specify about what sizes of turbine are under consideration for the development, as the installed capacity accomplishable with different sizes of turbine may change significantly. A The choice of a specific turbine theoretical account is frequently best left to the more elaborate design stage when the commercial footings of the assorted providers are known.Specification of anemometryThe air current resource at the site is the cardinal parametric quantity in finding its economic viability. To measure the energy for a undertaking it is necessary to obtain informations on the local air current government. Typically this means installing anemometry equipment at the site. The preliminary layout allows the air current measurings to be made in appropriate locations. As a general regulation the mast should be at least two tierces of the hub tallness of the turbines. A utile regulation in complex terrain is that no turbine is located more than 1 kilometer from the closest mast. In really terrible terrain, the closest mast should be within 500m, but for air current farms located in simple terrain a much lower denseness of masts over the site may be appropriate. For big developments that require several masts there may be advantages in ab initio put ining merely one mast on the site. Once it is confirmed that the air current resource is sensible, other masts can be installed to corroborate the fluctuation in air current velocity over the site country. Provided the original mast remains as a changeless mention other masts can be moved after, say, six months of operation to cut down the entire figure of masts required.+Detailed layout designA cardinal component of the layout design is the minimal turbine spacing used. A In order to guarantee that the turbines are non being used outside their design conditions, the minimal acceptable turbine spacing should be obtained from the turbine provider and adhered to. The appropriate spacing for turbines is strongly dependent on the nature of the terrain and the air current rose at a site. A If turbines are spaced closer than 5 rotor diameters in a frequent air current way it is likely that intolerably high aftermath losingss will ensue. A For countries with preponderantly uni-directional air current roses, such as the San Gorgonio Pass in California, greater distances between turbines in the prevailing air current way and tighter spacings perpendicular to the prevailing air current way will turn out to be more productive. A Tight spacings require blessing by the turbine provider if warranty agreements are non to be affected. With the air current farm restraints defined, the layout of the air current farm can be optimised. A This procedure is besides called air current farm â€Å" micrositing † . A The purpose of such a procedure is to maximize the energy production of the air current farm whilst understating the substructure and operating costs and run intoing all restraints. A For most undertakings the economic sciences are well more sensitive to alterations in energy production than substructure costs. A It is hence appropriate to utilize the energy production as the dominant layout design parametric quantity. The elaborate design of the air current farm is facilitated by the usage of commercially available air current farm design tools. A Once an appropriate analysis of the air current government at the site has been undertaken, a theoretical account is set up which can be used to plan the layout, predict the energy production of the air current farm every bit good as being used to turn to economic and be aftering related issues. For big air current farms it is frequently hard to manually deduce the most productive layout. A For such sites a computational optimization utilizing a air current farm design tool may place a layout for which significant additions in predicted energy production are achieved. A Even a 1 % addition in energy production from improved micrositing could easy stand for an addition in one-year gross of $ 50,000 to $ 100,000 for a 50 MW air current farm. A The computational optimization procedure will normally affect many 1000s of loops and can include noise and ocular restraints. A Wind farm design tools handily allow many substitutions on air current farm size, turbine type, hub tallness and layout to be considered rapidly and expeditiously increasing the likeliness that an optimum undertaking consequences. A Financial theoretical accounts may be linked to the tool so that returns from different options can be straight calculated, further streamlining the development determination doing procedure. In many states the ocular influence of a air current farm on the landscape is an of import issue. A The usage of computational design tools allows the Zone of Visual Influence ( ZVI ) , or visibleness footmark, to be calculated to place from where the air current farm will be seeable. A The tools may besides be used to supply visual images, to ease the production of photomontages and to foretell the noise and shadow spark which consequences from a proposed development. A These are frequently cardinal facets of the Environmental Assessment for a undertaking. Figure 1 shows an initial preliminary layout of a air current farm consisting of 26 turbines that meets all site specific restraints. A There are two noise sensitive homes west of the proposed air current farm with a defined noise bound that are marked with brooding icons. A The solid black line represents the site boundary in which the turbines can be placed. The layout of the air current farm after the optimization is shown in Figure 2. A Compared with the initial layout the predicted energy production has increased by about 3 % . A In the upper subdivision of Figure 2 the optimised layout of the air current farm superimposed with the noise degrees predicted for this layout can be seen. A A rendered visual image of the air current farm visual aspect from a point of view sou'-east of the air current farm is shown at the underside.

The Cell Body - 1491 Words

1 - The Prototypical Neuron The neuron, also known as the nerve cell, is distinguished by several components: the soma, the axon, and the dendrites. The soma, or more commonly known as the cell body, is the semi-spherical central part of the neuron. In a typical neuron, it is about 20 um in diameter – and contains the same organelles that are found in all animal cells; a nucleolus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria. With all of its inner components encased within the neuronal membrane. The neuronal membrane is an average of 5 nm thick, and greatly studded with various proteins; the function of a neuron is greatly regulated by the structure and components (proteins) of its†¦show more content†¦The axon begins by extending away from the soma, with the base region being known as the axon hillock. The axon may then extend to various lengths (depending on the specific tissue/function that cell pertains to) ranging from less than a millimeter to over a meter; as well as splitting into numerous axon collaterals (axons that branch away from the original axon). As for the thickness of the axon, it ranges from less than a millimeter to 25 mm in diameter (in humans) - with the speed of electrical impulses (nerve impulse) directly proportional to the thickness of the axon. At the end of the axon, is the axon terminal or terminal bouton: which can be described as a swollen disk or button, where the axon comes into contact with another neuron, or another cell (e.g. muscle cell) by which information may be passed onto. This interface point is known as a synapse - with the end of the axon known as the presynaptic terminal; in this structure there are multiple synaptic vesicles (that average 50 nm in diameter) with various chemical signals (neurotransmitters) used for synaptic transmission (the process of information transfer). The membrane surrounding the synapse is heavily dense with proteins and ion c hannels, in order to receive and traffic theShow MoreRelatedThe Cell Body1875 Words   |  8 Pagessoma which is the whole cell body that holds everything for example the nucleus. The nucleus is arguably the most important part of the cell it contains all the DNA for the cell and its genetic material, the nucleus is the brain of the cell. Next there are dendrites which are pretty close to the nucleolus in the cell and the dendrites are branched projections of a neuron that act to propagate the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, basically collecting informationRead MoreCell Membrane And The Cell Body917 Words   |  4 Pagesthe cell body, dendrites, axons and presynaptic terminal. The cell body (soma) contains the nucleus of a neuron and the endoplasmic reticulum. Extending out from the cell body are processes called dendrites and axons. These processes conduct nerve impulses. Dendrites conduct impulses toward the cell body while axons co nduct impulses away from the cell body. A fatty sheath called myelin sheath encases axons. It is the greatly expanded plasma membrane of an accessory cell called the Schwann cell whereRead MoreStem Cells And The Human Body1170 Words   |  5 PagesStem cells are different to all other cells in the human body because they have unique abilities to divide repeatedly, make many copies of themselves or differentiate into specialised cells such as skin cells, immune cells or nerve cells. Stem cells are also described as unspecialised because they are not yet advanced to perform an exact function. However, each of them has the potential to develop into one of a number of different specialised cell types depending on the body’s needs at a particularRead MoreStem Cells And The Human Body1421 Words   |  6 Pages Stem Cells Raven Carr Governor State University Stem Cells The human body is full of hundreds of special types of cells that are essential for ones every day health. These special cells are accountable for keeping our bodies going daily for instance making our brains think, hearts beat and, restoring our skin cells as they shed off. Stem cells are the provider for the development of new cells. â€Å"Stem cells have the amazing potential to expand into many different cell types in the body during earlyRead MoreStem Cells And Its Effects On The Body885 Words   |  4 Pages Stem cells have remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types during early life and growth in the body. Different tissues serve as all sorts of internal repair systems, dividing essentially without limit to replenish other cells as long as the person or even animal are still alive. When stem cells can divide, they can turn into new cells and have the potential either to remain a stem cell, or become another type of cell with a more specialized function. A cell with a specializedRead MoreHuman Cells And The Human Body1747 Words   |  7 PagesKidneys are one of the most essential organs in a human body which are crucial for blood filtration, toxins, and waste removal and maintaining and regulating the body’s pH. The researchers created kidney structures from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) called organoids which have the function and structural organization of a human fetal kidney in the first trimester. This study used the results of a previous study where human embryonic stem cells were differentiated towards a renal lineage. As a resultRead MoreStem Cells And Its Effect On The Body Essay2078 Words   |  9 PagesStem cells can be used to create different cells in the body. All stem cells can divide overtime to create another stem cell or a new type of cell which will have a more specialized role in the body. These new cells can function in different areas in the body and create different types of tissues such as a muscle tissue, a kidney tissue, a skin tissue, a lung tissue, and a brain tissue. There are different types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cellsRead MoreMicrobial Cells And The Human Body2131 Words   |  9 PagesIn the human body, there are many microbial cells and the number of microbial cells is 10 times greater than our human cells on the surfaces of our bodies (1, 2). In addition, the human gastrointestinal tract is the greatest collection of microbial cells, which contain plenty of bacteria, including different classes and subclass of microbe. Microbial cells reach around from ten million to one trillion cells per one gram of body weight in the human gastrointestinal tract content (2). The genomes ofRead MoreStem Cells And Its Effect On The Human Body1407 Words   |  6 Pages Stem cells are unspecialized cells of a multicellular organism and it has capability changing into any type cell. When stem cells divides, the new cell has the potential of choosing whether to stay a stem cell or turn into any type of specialized such as: skin cells, neurons, muscle cells and many more. Stem cells have no specific function but are special in their own way. In the early stage of the development, stem cells have the extraordinary potential to develop into any type of cell in theRead MoreProcess Of Dividing Body Cells And Their Nuclei Essay1268 Words   |  6 PagesYahya Bello Homework 1 Mitosis: can be defined as the process of dividing body cells and their nuclei. The body continually produced new cells by splitting from the ones that has already existed. Meiosis: can be defined as a particular form of cell splitting that generates reproductive cells, such as sperm and egg cells, plant and fungal spores. Steps involves in Mitosis Mitosis consists of four basic phases and they include prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Figure 1 shows the